RESUMO
En 1966, 137 toneladas de mineral de uranio español llegaron al puerto de Nueva Orleans procedentes del puerto de Cádiz. En este artículo quiero utilizar este viaje que conectó agentes políticos, industriales y empresariales con capacidades y experiencias técnicas, para explorar el uranio como un objeto híbrido físico, técnico y diplomático. El uranio conectó los intereses de las autoridades franquistas con los de los científicos y empresarios de la industria eléctrica. Sirvió al régimen de Franco para formar investigadores en nuevos métodos y prácticas experimentales y también para popularizar las políticas e ideologías atómicas de Estados Unidos. Al tiempo que alimentó los reactores nucleares, el uranio generó nuevos espacios disciplinares, modificó paisajes y diseñó nuevas cartografías industriales y administrativas. Además de ser una pieza clave en la política exterior del régimen franquista le sirvió al régimen español para alinearse con el pensamiento occidental imperante sobre los usos civiles de la energía nuclear, internamente sirvió para abandonar los discursos autárquicos y reforzar el poder de los tecnócratas, que utilizaron la energía atómica para transformar la producción eléctrica española. Este viaje cambió la materialidad del mineral de uranio, su física y su química, y también sus significados. (AU)
In 1966, 137 tons of Spanish uranium ore arrived at the port of New Orleans from the port of Cádiz. In this paper, I want to use this trip, which involved political, industrial, and business agents as well as technical capabilities, to explore the uranium as a hybrid object - physical, technical and diplomatic. This material connected the interests of the Franco authorities, scientists, and businessmen from the electrical industry. It served the Franco regime in training researchers, in buying and importing technologies, methods and experimental practices, and in introducing ways to popularize atomic policies and ideologies from the United States. Uranium was a fuel that not only powered nuclear reactor but also fed new disciplinary spaces, modified landscapes, and sketched new industrial and administrative cartographies. Besides being a key piece of the Franco regimes foreign policy it was useful to the Spanish regime to align itself with prevailing Western thought on the civil uses of nuclear energy it served internally to effectively abandon autarchic discourses and strengthen the power of the technocrats, who used atomic energy to transform Spanish electrical production. The materiality of uranium ore changed with travel and also its meanings. (AU)
Assuntos
História do Século XX , Urânio/história , Energia Nuclear/história , Energia Nuclear/economia , Espanha , Estados Unidos , Viagem/história , ExpediçõesRESUMO
The acquisition of a nuclear power reactor from the North American company Westinghouse in 1964 not only brought atomic practices and knowledge to Spain but also introduced new methods of industrial organization and management, as well as regulations created by organizations such as the US Atomic Energy Commission (US AEC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This article analyzes the history of the knowledge, regulations and experimental practices relating to radiation safety and protection that traveled with this reactor to an industrial space: the Zorita nuclear power plant. Within this space, the appropriation, use, and coproduction of knowledge and practices were conditioned by political, economic, industrial and social factors, and by the engineers, researchers and other professionals who contributed expert knowledge. Material held in the Tecnatom Historical Archive-the engineering company that coordinated construction of the plant-is the main source for this work, which delves into the history of knowledge and atomic technologies and adds to the historiography of radiological protection in Spain.
Assuntos
Energia Nuclear , Proteção Radiológica , História do Século XX , Agências Internacionais , Centrais Nucleares , EspanhaRESUMO
Los discursos que circularon en España en los medios de comunicación impresos (ABC, La Vanguardia y el YA) y audiovisuales (NO-DO) con motivo de la primera Conferencia internacional de usos pacíficos de la energía atómica celebrada en Ginebra en agosto de1955, tuvieron un papel activo en el diseño de las políticas -no sólo nucleares- españolas y en la construcción de la representación pública de la energía nuclear. Las oportunidades y promesas que anunciaban los usos civiles de la energía atómica cautivaron a autoridades, científicos e industriales de la dictadura y también a los medios de comunicación. El tratamiento mediático de la conferencia contribuyó a la apertura del régimen franquista al tiempo que fue construyendo la imagen pública de lo nuclear. España compró e importó tecnología, métodos, prácticas experimentales, y también formas de popularización, políticas e ideología atómicas. En este artículo propongo una reflexión sobre prensa, tecnología y poder político (AU)
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Assuntos
História do Século XX , 50135 , Meios de Comunicação/história , Meios de Comunicação/legislação & jurisprudência , Energia Nuclear/história , Tecnologia/história , Espanha , Propaganda , HistoriografiaRESUMO
Patents on antibiotics were introduced in Spain in 1949. Preliminary research reveals diversification in the types of antibiotics: patents relating to penicillin were followed by those relating to streptomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline. There was also diversification in the firms that applied for patents: while Merck & Co. Incorporated and Schenley Industries Inc. were the main partners with Spanish antibiotics manufacturers in the late 1940s, this industrial space also included many others, such as Eli Lilly & Company, Abbott Laboratories, Chas. Pfizer & Co. Incorporated, and American Cyanamid Company in the mid-1970s. The introduction of these drugs in Spain adds new elements to a re-evaluation of the autarkic politics of the early years of the Franco dictatorship.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/história , Patentes como Assunto/história , Antibacterianos/economia , Desenvolvimento Econômico , História do Século XX , Patentes como Assunto/legislação & jurisprudência , EspanhaRESUMO
This paper tells the early history of penicillin patenting in Spain. Patents turn out to be useful instruments for analysing the management of knowledge and its circulation in different professional and geographical domains. They protected knowledge while contributing to standardisation. Patents also ensured quality and guaranteed reliability in manufacturing, delivering and prescribing new drugs. They gained special prominence by allowing the creation of a network in which political, economic and business, industrial power, public health and international cooperation fields came together. The main source of information used for this purpose has been the earliest patent applications for penicillin in Spain between 1948 and 1950, which are kept in the Historical Archives of the Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas. The study of these patents for penicillin shows their role as agents in introducing this drug in Spain.
